GDP of Australia

Question: Look at Australia economy and discuss their GDP in the last 2 - 5 years and what are the factors affecting their GDP? Answer: The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the monetary value of all the final goods and services produced within the country in the current financial year. The GDP determines the economic growth of a country. Per capita GDP is defined as the amount of output or GDP accruing to each person in the entire population. It is calculated as: GDP/population size. The per capita GDP is an indicator of the standard of living of a country. There are various factors that affect the GDP of a country. There are demand side factors as well as supply side factors. Interest Rates: Investment which a component of GDP inversely depends on the interest rate. A lower interest rate would encourage investment thereby augmenting the GDP of the economy. Asset Prices: When asset prices rise, it generates a positive wealth effect. This induces people to spend more on consumption because the value of their existing assets rise. Exchange Rate: A depreciating exchange rate makes exports cheaper and imports dearer. Hence, generally the volume of imports falls and that of exports rises (the extent of rise depends on the elasticity of demand and supply). This should boost the GDP of the economy directly. However, there are a few indirect effects as well and the final effect on the GDP is determined by the combined influence of all the parameters. Consumer Confidence: When consumers and firms are confident about the future, they will consume and invest more which will increase the GDP of the economy. Real Wages: When real wages increase, either due to an increase in the nominal wage or due to a fall in the price level, this generates an income effect increasing their purchasing power. Thus, they will demand more consumption goods and hence generate aggregate demand for the economy. Infrastructure: When the infrastructure of an economy improves, it makes production more efficient and hence augments the GDP. Technology: Technological improvements increase the labour productivity of an economy. Hence, the marginal product of labour improves and given that employment remains unchanged, the output also increases. Commodity Prices: Price level is a major determinant of the GDP of an economy. This is because prices determine the supply and demand conditions. Rising prices would reduce demand, decreasing the aggregate demand. Moreover, since GDP is the monetary value of goods and services and the price level determines the monetary value, the GDP is primarily influenced by commodity prices. The GDP of Australia as of the current financial year (2015-2016) is $1.62 trillion. It is ranked 12th according to the nominal GDP and 19th according GDP PPP. As of 2015, the per capita GDP is $64,500 USD. It is ranked 5th and 16th with respect to nominal and PPP GDP respectively. The service sector is the primary sector of the Australian economy. It contributes around 58% of the GDP. The other sectors are retail trade (5%), mining (7%), construction (9%) and manufacturing (7%). The inflation rate (CPI) is around 1.7%. The labour force registers a number of 11.9 million as of 2016. Out of the labour force, 75% is employed in the services sector, 21.1% in industry and 3.6% in the agricultural sector. The unemployment rate is around 5.7% (2016). The primary industries of Australia are mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, steel and chemicals. The mining and agricultural sectors are the main export sectors of the economy. The mining sector contributes majorl y to the growth and sustenance of the Australian economy. The GDP of Australia in the past 5 years (2010 2014) is shown as follows: YEAR GDP 2010 911304031484 2011 932989069867 2012 966881953234 2013 990474347265 2014 1015234732343 This is represented with the following graph: As is evident from the above graph, the GDP of Australia shows an increasing trend over the years concerned. The rise has been smooth and consistent. The growth rate of GDP reflects the economic performance of a country over a time period. The GDP growth rate of Australia for 2010 to 2014 is shown as follows: YEAR GDP GROWTH RATE (%) 2010 2.0182 2011 2.3796 2012 3.6327 2013 2.44 2014 2.4999 This is illustrated in the following graph: The GDP has grown in the financial year 2010-2011. Then from 2011-2012, the growth rate of GDP has risen steeply to as high as 4% but only to fall in the next financial year. Thereafter, it has become constant at around 2.5%. The GDP per capita is shown below: YEAR PER CAPITA GDP 2010 41363.22 2011 41763.12 2012 42540.97 2013 42845.49 2014 43256.48 This is shown in the following graph: The per capita GDP has increased over the years and quite consistently. This indicates a consistent standard of living of the population. The growth rate of per capita GDP is shown as follows: YEAR PER CAPITA GDP GROWTH RATE 2010 0.443578 2011 0.966807 2012 1.86253 2013 0.715833 2014 0.959239 This is represented in the following graph: The per capita GDP has increased smoothly from 2010 to 2012. However, it then registered a very steep fall in the financial year 2012-2013. Thereafter it has increased but not to the initial extent. Factors Affecting the Gdp of Australia One of the principle variables affecting the GDP development rate in the Australian economy is the steady work era that has occurred in the economy in the course of recent years. As new occupations are made, increasingly individuals get utilized. This thusly prompts the expansion in yield from the supply side. Once more, when these individuals begin gaining or procuring more than they were winning prior, their utilization and venture request increments. This supports up the total interest and thus increases monetary development from the interest side too. The lessening in unemployment in the Australian economy is one such proof for the GDP development being an aftereffect of occupation creation. On the other side, when unemployment expands, the GDP development backs off from both the supply side and the interest side of the economy. In this way work or unemployment is a main consideration influencing the GDP of Australia. Wage development is an essential element in deciding the GDP. As wages develop, the GDP builds on account of an interest side help that expands the total interest. Be that as it may, rising wages likewise interpret into rising costs and this may pull down interest. The finished result relies on upon the relative impacts. Different financial and money related strategies embraced by the administration of Australia impacts the growth rate. Financial reforms have likewise a significant part to play. In any case, the blasting mining area ingests the business cycle stuns shielding the economy from vulnerability. An occasion of this is the adaptability reflected by the Australian economy amid the Global Financial Crisis in light of the fact that the stun was consumed generally by the mining area. Commodity prices is another segment of the GDP that impacts the GDP all things considered. Australia being an exporter of mining and agricultural items, faces international prices concerning the same. As costs of these items fall in the universal business sector, it adversely influences the fare division consequently obstructing the GDP development. Then again, interest for fares additionally rise when costs fall. So a definitive impact on GDP is controlled by the relative changes in costs and request, that is, the value flexibility of interest. Over the previous decade, Australia has encountered a precarious increment in the terms of exchange basically because of expansion popular for iron metal and coking coal from China. Australia is an exporter of mining and agricultural items. On the global front, the economy has encountered impressive fare blast. Global trade being an essential GDP segment influences the GDP figures of the nation. The mining business of Australia is probably the most productive in the world and steady development in this part adds to the developing GDP of the economy. Notwithstanding that land interests in certain parts of the nation has demonstrated fruitful prospects in the course of recent years. Work profitability is likewise an essential variable that the nation has favourable position over and which helps the GDP develop. Investment, both domestic and international, is an essential determinant of GDP. The Australian economy for the most part procures interest in the mining segment. In any case, rising trust in the non-mining parts offering approach to rising speculation can elevate the economy all things considered. Credit development in the business segment of Australia has expanded which is a positive sign for the economy. The Australian economy has thus fared reasonably well in the past few years. Moreover, the recent months have seen drastically falling unemployment rates that has boosted the confidence of the economic agents. The economic growth has been consistent with no major fluctuations in the economic conditions. References convictcreations.com 2016, The Post-Socialist and Post-Capitalist Australian Economy, viewed 7 May 2016, theconversation.com 2015, Budget explainer: the forces influencing Australias economy, viewed 25 May 2016 Downes, P Hanslow, K and Tulip, P 2014, The Effect of the Mining Boom on the Australian Economy, Sims, R 2013, Australias experience driving economic growth through competition policy reforms, viewed 7 May 2016.

The Bulgarian And Soviet Virus Factories Essays - Computer Viruses

The Bulgarian and Soviet Virus Factories The Bulgarian and Soviet Virus Factories ======================================== Vesselin Bontchev, Director Laboratory of Computer Virology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria 0) Abstract =========== It is now well known that Bulgaria is leader in computer virus production and the USSR is following closely. This paper tries to answer the main questions: Who makes viruses there, What viruses are made, and Why this is done. It also underlines the impact of this process on the West, as well as on the national software industry. 1) How the story began ====================== Just three years ago there were no computer viruses in Bulgaria. After all, these were things that can happen only in the capitalist countries. They were first mentioned in the April issue of the Bulgarian computer magazine "Komputar za vas" ("Computer for you") [KV88] in a paper, translated from the German magazine "Chip" [Chip]. Soon after that, the same Bulgarian magazine published an article [KV89]], explaining why computer viruses cannot be dangerous. The arguments presented were, in general, correct, but the author had completely missed the fact that the majority of PC users are not experienced programmers. A few months later, in the fall of the same year, two men came in the editor's office of the magazine and claimed that they have found a computer virus. Careful examination showed that it was the VIENNA virus. At that time the computer virus was a completely new idea for us. To make a computer program, whose performance resembles a live being, is able to replicate and to move from computer to computer even against the will of the user, seemed extremely exciting. The fact that "it can be done" and that even "it had been done" spread in our country like wildfire. Soon hackers obtained a copy of the virus and began to hack it. It was noticed that the program contains no "black magic" and that it was even quite sloppily written. Soon new, home--made and improved versions appeared. Some of them were produced just by assembling the disassembly of the virus using a better optimizing assembler. Some were optimized by hand. As a result, now there are several versions of this virus, that were created in Bulgaria --- versions with infective lengths of 627, 623, 622, 435, 367, 353 and even 348 bytes. The virus has been made almost two times shorter (its original infective length is 648 bytes) without any loss of functionality. This virus was the first case. Soon after that, we were "visited" by the CASCADE and the PING PONG viruses. The later was the first boot--sector virus and proved that this special area, present on every diskette can be used as a virus carrier, too. All these three viruses were probably imported with illegal copies of pirated programs. 2) Who, What & Why. =================== 2.1) The first Bulgarian virus. ------------------------------- At that time both known viruses that infected files ( VIENNA and CASCADE) infected only COM files. This made me believe that the infection of EXE files was much more difficult. Unfortunately, I made the mistake by telling my opinion to a friend of mine. Let's call him "V.B." for privacy reasons.(1) ................................................................... [(1) These are the initials of his true name. It will be the same with the other virus writers that I shall mention. Please note, that while I have the same initials (and even his full name resembles mine), we are two different persons.] ................................................................... The challenge was taken immediately and soon after that I received a simple virus that was able to infect only EXE files. It is now known to the world under the name of OLD YANKEE. The reason for this is that when the virus infects a new file, it plays the "Yankee Doodle" melody. The virus itself was quite trivial. Its only feature was its ability to infect EXE files. The author of this virus even distributed its source code (or, more exactly, the source code of the program that releases it). Nevertheless, the virus did not spread very widely and even had not been modified a lot. Only a few sites reported to be infected by it. Probably the reason for this was the fact, that the virus was non--resident and that it infected files only on the current drive. So the only possibility to get infected by it was to copy an infected file from one computer to another. When the puzzle of creating a virus which is able to infect EXE files was solved, V.B. lost his interest in this field and didn't write any other viruses. As far as I know, he currently works in real--time signal processing. 2.2)

Sample Extended Essay HistoryTopics

Sample Extended Essay HistoryTopicsWriting a sample essay history topic can be time consuming. It is often times more difficult to write than the rest of your composition because the subject matter is so diverse. Your subject matter must be used to your advantage and the essay topic should present the information accurately and completely.One thing that you should do if you are interested in writing a sample essay history topic, is that you should focus on what you do well. What is important for you to convey is this is how you do things? It can be anything you want it to be. So it's a good idea to write a bit about what you enjoy doing or who you admire.Write down the names of those people you admire. Do you have a talent or skill in anything and you are good at it?Now that you've written down your skills, write about them. Make sure you make them visible to the reader.This is not all there is to writing an essay but this one is enough to get you started. You should also write down a strategy for how you would like to use your writing abilities. Keep in mind what you would like to do in the future to refine your writing skills.Create a theme in your essay history topic. Have you ever had any memorable events in your life or have you a deep abiding love for one particular topic? If so then that's probably the theme that will be used.Once you've created a theme for your essay history topic then you are ready to start writing. The length of your essay should be a reflection of the theme and the topic should represent the information very well.

Diamonds essays

Diamonds essays A diamond is Carbon in its most concentrated form. Its is composed solely of carbon, although traces of other elements may be present. Diamond is the hardest surface known to man, nothing can scratch a diamond except for another diamond. The reason diamonds are so hard is their molecular structure. The Carbon atoms are arranged very closely together in formations called crystal habits. In these arrangements, each carbon is bonded to four others with very strong bonds. Because the Carbon atoms are so close together, diamond is a very dense mineral in comparison to others with similar molecular composition. Diamonds density has been measured at 3.51 g/cm ³. Diamonds are valued for their luster and brilliance. The reason they are such a shiny gem is that they are very good at refracting, or bending, light. This causes the colors, or fire that seem to radiate from the sides of a diamond. Diamond also has the highest amount of reflectance of any transparent material. Stereotypically, diamonds are thought to be colorless, but in reality, colored diamonds have become very popular in both the market-place and the scientific world. Diamonds can be found in many colors, such as pink, red, purple, blue, white, and even black. Coming in contact with other elements causes these colors. Trace elements such as Nitrogen can cause a yellow diamond, while others, like boron, can cause blue Although diamonds have low electrical conductivity, they do have a very practical use aside from jewelry. Because they are excellent thermal conductors, they are often used in small machines to remove heat, causing them to run more efficiently. This also enables companies to make smaller devices. Because diamonds have such a high density, we know that they crystallize at very high temperatures under extreme pressure. Diamonds are prod ...

Urbanized film by Gary Hustwit 'summary' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Urbanized film by Gary Hustwit 'summary' - Essay Example The importance of maintaining a proper balance between the natural beauty and the construction of infrastructure is also highlighted in the movie. Urbanized explains the fact that the movement of people to cities has highly increased over the years. It presents the viewer with the fact that by the year 2050, 75 percent of the people of the world would be residing in cities. This reveals the drastic increase in comparison to the year 2010 where it was seen that 50 percent of the world’s population was in cities. With the presentation of the statistics, the maker of the movie tries to explain the importance of the proper construction and maintenance of cities as most of the world’s population would be residing in them. The movie presents the fact that good and effective constructions programs in the cities can help the people living in the city overcome their miseries and live in a better environment. The movie shows the viewer the different cities across the globe to explain the importance of proper construction and architectural strategies for the maintenance of cities. It takes the viewer to the poor, unhygienic conditions of cities like Mumbai in India to show the poor slum conditions prevailing in the cities and very low standards of sanitation and public health as up to 600 people need to use a one washroom. On the other hand, Huswit takes us to Santiego in Chile where proper planning by Alejandro Aravena who is an architect by profession has led to the designing of a housing scheme for people who are non-affording so that they have a better standard of living. He contrasts and compares different cities to indicate the impact that proper planning and construction can have on the living stand ards of the people. Gary Huswit uses his movie â€Å"Urbanized† to explain to the audiences that proper architectural designing, good schemes as well maintenance of sanitation and infrastructure is central to the proper running of a

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

American History - Essay Example Throughout the 20th century, Immigration law has swung back and forth, at times welcoming Mexican immigrants and at other times slamming the door shut on them. The public reception of this Mexican group has also been quite unpredictable; although they have been able to make a place for themselves in communities across the United States, but frequently they have had to battle hostile elements in the same communities to survive. Till today, in many ways, this push-and-pull dynamic continues. Mexican immigrants and their descendants now constitute of a significant portion of the U.S. population and are one of the most influential social and cultural groups in the country. Mexican American culture is very likely to shape U.S. life in language, politics, food, and daily living and will help define the nation's identity for a new century. Spanish-speaking people have lived in North America since the colonization of Mexico by Spaniards in the sixteenth century, and ever since Mexicans have always played a crucial role in the continent's cultural and historical growth. Everything changed with the War that broke out between the U.S. and Mexico In 1846 over the U.S. annexation of Texas. Mexico was defeated, and the two nations signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This treaty gave U.S an enormous amount of land, including what would later become the present day states of California and Texas, as well as parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah and Nevada. With two strokes of a pen U.S had expanded by a third of what it was and overnight, thousands and thousands of Mexicans had become residents of the United States. As the Mexican American community grew over the years, it became increasingly prominent in public life of Americans. As Mexican territories metamorphosed into states, they began to affect the balance of power in the U.S. government. The entertainment industry also displayed some awareness of the new importance of Mexican culture. The positive half was about romanticized images of life south of the border but the negative side of it perpetuated gross ethnic stereotypes and racist slurs.Today, Mexican immigrants and their descendants occupy a more significant place in American cultural life than they ever did before. Mexican Americans now reside in all regions of the country and have seeped into most professions and trades. Statistical figures by the government show that, by the next two generations, more than 25 percent of the U.S. population will be of Latin American origin American political officials perceive this movement as a hope for "recon Questa" which means "to re-conquer a lost territory" and consider it to be a deliberate political conspiracy. The greatest impact of Mexican immigration seems to be the growing Latin American influence on the everyday life of all Americans in terms of Mexican clothing, music, architecture, literature, and food. It is very apparent that Mexicans have been part of life in the present-day U.S. long before it was a self-governing country. What impact can this group possibly have on the nation's future Glenn Spencer, president of Voices of

Apple Essay Example for Free

Apple Essay The following are the procedures used to make a disappearing ink using the apple extract. The following are the materials; Q-tip, paper, apple juice and a Candle (any source of heat will work, ex. lamp, iron, oven). Begin by pouring a bit of the apple juice into a bowl. Use a q-tip, toothpick, or a paintbrush to write your message on the paper. Let the paper dry thoroughly. This will take about an hour. To decode the message, you will need to heat up the paper. The best way to do this is with a candle. Hold the paper over the candle until the words become visible. The words will become a brown color as they are heated up. The result of my study is that apple extract/juice can be used to make a disappearing ink. Based from the date gathered, the following conclusions were drawn: It works because the apple juice oxidizes in the air. Heating it causes that process to speed up. The juice will turn brown on its own in time. Chapter 1 Problem and Its Background Introduction Apples are obtained from the medium sized tree belonging to the rosaceae family. Scientific name: Malus domestica. The apple tree is originated in the mineral rich mountain ranges of Kazakhstan, and is now being cultivated in many parts of the world. Apple fruit contains good quantities of vitamin-C and beta-carotene. Vitamin C is a powerful natural antioxidant. Sliced apple turns brown on exposure to air due to conversion in iron form from ferrous oxide to ferric oxide. Background of the Study Juice extracted from the apple is used to make invisible ink. Since apples oxidizes when exposed to air turning the color of the juice on paper to brown, heating it up makes the process faster. Statement of the Problem/Objectives Problem # 1: Can we use apple juice extract as an invisible ink? Alternative Hypothesis: Yes, we can use apple juice as an invisible ink. Null Hypothesis: No, we cannot use apple juice as an invisible ink. Problem # 2: Is apple juice a better alternative than other materials? Alternative Hypothesis: Yes, apple juice is a better alternative. Null Hypothesis: No, other materials such as baking soda or lemon juice is a better alternative. General Objectives: 1. To be able to investigate if apple juice can be used as an invisible ink Specific Objectives: 1.To be able to use apple juice as an invisible ink 2.To be able to know how fast the juice oxidizes which would make the hidden words visible. Significance of the study This study aims to find out if apple juice is a good source of invisible ink compared to other fruit juices or materials. Scope and Limitation You need to extract a lot of juice from the apple to be able to complete words on the paper compared to other materials which is readily available. Definition of Terms Apple a fruit which is considered by everybody as delicious and healthy. Color may be red or green. Invisible ink – an ink that is not visible to the naked eye. Chapter II Review of Related Literature The world as we know it began with the apple. According to Genesis 3:6, Eve partook of the forbidden fruit, gave it to Adam and their eyes were opened. This fruit of knowledge is generally represented by the apple. Were it not for Eve’s transgression, mankind would never have been born. In the eyes of Christians, at least, our world began with the apple. Malus pumila, the paradise apple has been symbolic of many things throughout history. The genus name Malus comes from the Latin root â€Å"mal† which means bad or evil. In the Garden of Eden it represents sin and knowledge. â€Å"†¦the apple of my eye† are the words used by Jehovah in the Old Testament of the Bible, to describe his favored people. The ‘apple’ of the eye is the pupil, the center. God said he kept the children of Israel in the apple of his eye as a way of saying to them that they were central and favored, that he watched over them even in their trials. Cutting an apple cross-wise will reveal more symbolism. The shape revealed is a five-pointed star. This pentagram, though often mistaken for a satanic symbol, is actually a Christian symbol which represents the atonement. This five pointed star is also called the Star of Bethlehem, representing the star that appeared at the birth of Jesus Christ. The seeds within the star of the fruit represent the Resurrection and Immortality or Rebirth, as this is how the fruit continues its life. This one fruit symbolizes the Birth, Sin and Death of man, then the Birth of a Savior who will Atone and Resurrect him to Immortality and Eternal Life. This symbolism was carried though to several ancient pagan cultures as well. The Scandinavians had their goddess, Iduna whose name meant ‘at-one-ness,’ very close to the word ‘atonement.’ According to legend, she tended the apple orchards at Asgard a land for the Immortals. To Asgard the other gods went each night to renew themselves. Their immortality depended on partaking of Iduna’s apples. Like Asgard, Avalon was another place for the Immortals. It was believed that Celtic heros like King Arthur didn’t die but sailed through the mist to reach Avalon. Avalon was the â€Å"Apple Island†. The name came from the Welsh word â€Å"afal† or apple. The Irish mythological heros were summoned to Emain Ablach, (Emain of the Apple Trees) or the Avalon equivalent, â€Å"Avallach†. This was done by an â€Å"other-worldly woman who brings the hero a silver-white blossomed apple branch from Emain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Some believe these legends to be rooted in descriptions of druidic ceremonies. In addition to being a fruit rich in symbolism, there is much plant lore assigned to the apple. Apple boughs hung above the door frame of a house are said to bless the couple that resides therein with added peace and love. Others have used the apple in a love spell that involves cutting the apple cross-wise and sharing it with the one that you love to increase the attraction. In Danish folklore, however, apples are believed to wither around adulterers. Many American children have bobbed for apples on Halloween. This child’s game may have originated from and Irish Tradition, â€Å"La mas nbhal.† This was â€Å"the feast of the apple gathering† which took place on All Hallow Eve. There was a spicy cider and toast beverage in which apples were floated. â€Å"It was usual for each person who partook of the spicy beverage to take out an apple and eat it, wishing good luck to the company.† In England on Christmas Eve, there once was a popular custom called, â€Å"wassailing the orchard trees.† The farmer with his family and workers would honor the most productive trees in the orchard with cider and hot cakes while saying the following toast three times: Almost everyone has eaten an apple, but have you ever asked the question where do apple trees grow? The apple trees we know today originated from the a wild apple tree that was native to Central Asia. It can still be found growing in the mountainous regions of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and China. Amazingly, this original apple tree is the ancestor of almost every variety of apples that are available today, but unfortunately this species is not listed as vulnerable to extinction. Most species of apples prefer a cool or temperate climate for optimal growing conditions. They tolerate cold conditions very well, but should be planted in full sunlight and away from any frost pockets (the area where cold air settles). They require some maintaining, such as watering and fertilizing, but are generally easy to care for. There are some specially developed species that can tolerate hot and humid weather, but most apples are still grown in cooler regions. Many countries now grow apples for commercial purposes. China and the United States are the world’s top apple producers, followed by Iran, Turkey, Russia, Italy and India which all produce over two million tonnes per year. The world production of apples now sits at just under sixty five million tonnes. Within the United States over 60% of total production takes place in Washington state where conditions for growing apples are ideal