The Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment - 1416 Words

John A. Bingham, Republican of Ohio had long been a believer in the idea of equal protection of the laws for all people, and was one of the leaders of the effort to pass the Fourteenth Amendment. While aware of the need to prove the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act with the Fourteenth Amendment, Bingham did not actually believe that the Fourteenth Amendment created any new rights. Rather, he believed that it created a new understanding of rights already in the Constitution. Bingham maintained that, â€Å"The†¦equal protection of each [in] those sacred rights which are as universal and indestructible as the human race†¦are by this Constitution guaranteed†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  The guarantee to which Bingham was referring is contained in the Fifth†¦show more content†¦This statement encapsulates why the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment found it necessary to include that, â€Å"No state shall†¦deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equa l protection of the laws.† Bingham’s reading of the Constitution already incorporated this point, but Rogers’ certainly did not, so by placing it in the Fourteenth Amendment, the framers ensured beyond all doubt that the right of all citizens to equal protection of the laws would be part of any subsequent reading of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment accomplished three important things in terms of providing equal protection of the laws. These three things, which are found in Sections 1 and 5, were providing a definition of citizenship, declaring what protections states were required to give to their citizens, and giving the federal government broad power to take action against states that did not provide the necessary protections to their citizens. While it might at first seem superfluous, one of the most important parts of the Fourteenth Amendment was that it provided a definition of who was a citizen of the United States. However, in the infamous Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Taney had held that, â€Å"A free negro of the African race†¦ is not a ‘citizen’ within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States,† and thus, only whites were entitled to constitutional rights. The

History of Medicine - 1796 Words

If you look at the history of medicine over the past two hundred years, you would see the advancements in all aspects. The technology and money that is spent on medical research and development is astronomical. I am going to start with a few questions, maybe they would pertain to yourself or possibly a friend or family member. What if you could have a medicine that was natural and could be organic and you could choose how you would like to ingest your medication as well? What if there was a medicine out there somewhere that would not just work for one ailment but multiple ailments? What if you could make your own medicine just as easy as growing your own tomatoes? In this day and age, a large group of people are really into natural, organic, holistic, and unprocessed items in general, whether it be food or medicine. There is a medicine that can live up to all of the questions stated above. This medicine is marijuana and there are many different forms of it. Throughout the reading mar ijuana may be referred to as cannabis. Marijuana has been outlawed since the mid-1930s in the United States. With multiple people backing the medicinal use of marijuana it is on the rise again of being legal. Legalization of marijuana should be granted just for the fact of its medicinal benefits. The medicinal purposes of medical marijuana are vast, from diseases like: glaucoma, cancer, HIV, multiple sclerosis, PTSD, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Crohn’s Disease, and Alzheimer’s disease to conditionsShow MoreRelatedHistory of Medicine1288 Words   |  6 Pagesmedieval period is normally not associated with advances in technology, nor with contributions that benefit society. Yet, our medicine today owes much of its development to physicians of that time. Medicine of that era was strongly influenced by superstition and the doctrine of the Christian church, and did not have much foundation for practical application. The need for medicine in Middle Ages was certainly great, considering the extreme amounts of plague and disease prevalent during that time (GrigsbyRead MoreThe Social History Of Medicine855 Words   |  4 Pagesinclude articles that are profoundly insistent upon the importance of ‘history from below’ in developing and constituting understandings of health and medicine. As these articles were primarily structured and written during the cultural and linguistic turn in historical analysis it is clear that they present arguments that aim to revise modernist approaches to the social history of medicine. Most of which are interested in the history of published medical texts or the views of the medical elite. The articleRead MoreHistory of Medicine Essay626 Words   |  3 PagesThe practice of medicine has been shaped through the years by advances in the area of diagnostic procedures. Many of these advances were made possible by scientific breakthroughs made before the 20th c entury. Modern medicine arguably emerged. Both normal and abnormal functions (physiology and pathology) were increasingly understood within smaller units, first the tissues and then the cells. Microscopy also played a key role in the development of bacteriology. Physicians started to use stethoscopeRead MoreA Brief History of Medicine2471 Words   |  10 PagesMedicine is the science or practice of the diagnosis; treatment and prevention of disease. Ancient Greek civilization sprung up around the 8th century BC. The first evidence of Greek medicine becoming a factor in Greek life came from Homers the Odyssey and Iliad. In these stories we hear about Machaon and Podalirius the brilliant doctors and excellent men who assisted the injured men in the siege of Troy. Out of every three children born, only two would ever reach the age of two years. The life-expectancyRead MoreWhat Is The History Of Folk Medicine?1204 Words   |  5 PagesHistory: Nepal’s history of folk medicine that are based in supernatural causes of illnesses like demons and evil spirits hampered the development of a proper health care delivery network. Most often, a medicine man or jhankri is the sole source of medical care available. Since the 1980s Nepal progressed in health care,but facilities are inadequate in meeting the population’s needs (â€Å"Nepal Health Care Facilities,† n.d.). In addition, the unavailability of modern health care and a general lack ofRead MoreHistory of American Medicine Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of American Medicine Final Paper PART I(a) With the creation of Medicare in 1966 in order to expand access for the elderly to the American healthcare system, the ways in which medicine and its corresponding industries were conducted were irrevocably changed. Prior to its inception, only 65% of people over 65 actually had proper health insurance, as the elderly paid three times as much for healthcare as young people (Stevens, 1998). The private medical sector had much more control overRead MoreThe History of Emergency Medicine Essay2153 Words   |  9 PagesThe History of Emergency Medicine The history of Emergency Medicine is an inexact study. The actual beginning date is unknown. This paper attempts to combine the facts given from many different sources into one single overview of known history from approximate known dates. It should also be stated that although Emergency Medicine Services, as a system exists all over the United States, it is in no way uniform. The laws governing emergency medical personnel and their actions differ greatly fromRead MoreEssay on The History of Veterinary Medicine 2072 Words   |  9 PagesThe history of veterinary medicine dates back to the earliest of times. Early in time it was not considered a science, but referred to as an art. This was a crude and sometimes barbaric practice. It was not until the ancient Romans that the treatment of animals became more serious. However even then their understanding was still at the very basic level of comprehension, with their entire focus on the maintenance of military horses, which led to the development of farriers. The largest advancementRead MoreHistory Of Medicine And Public Health Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesreceived bachelor degrees in sociology and anthropology at the Australian National University, as well as a Master s in Public Health and a doctorate from the University of Sydney. She has written 14 books and 130 academic journals on the topics of medicine and public health from a sociological perspective. She is currently researching topics such as sociology in a digital culture and digital health analysis (Lupton, 2012). II. Research Questions †¢ â€Å"What does it feel like to be a fat person in a culturalRead MoreHow Medicine Changed American History1296 Words   |  6 PagesHow Medicine Changed American History Most American citizens would agree that modern medicine has drastically changed American Society. The progression of medicine has impacted American lives in multiple ways. It has changed how the United States military uses medicine, how American scientists research medicine, and how everyday American citizens use medicine. Just 100 years ago, the people of the time period would not have been able to comprehend the medical advances that today’s society experiences

Immigrant Effects and International Business Activity free essay sample

The global significance of international migration4 International migration and international business activity6 Migrants and trade9 Migrants and employment10 Migrants and diaspora11 Conclusion12 Bibliography14 Immigrant Effects and International Business Activity Introduction The value of immigration for the sake of business purposes has been growing rapidly though it had a little effect on the economy of the countries because they did not have particular strict rules for the entry and exit of labor for business activities. That’s why they could not give as much good results as the import and export of other commodities among the countries. However with the passage of time and experiences the governments have made polices for immigration rules to gain more and more benefits of the procedures for global economy to be affected by introduction of new producers and technologies. Since the business requires new procedures for the international market, it will also help in better utilization of trends, resources and technologies and human resources for common interests of the countries and cross-border relations. It is necessary to analyze the main gears of international trade like foreign direct investment (FDI) of countries, knowledge and intellectual, IT, employment, recruitment, remittance and international reputation. Worldwide Importance of International Migration The international migration has grown in last three decades as rapidly as it has been the 3% of the whole world population. The report of World Migration 2008 elaborates that it had been growing from 76 million to 82 million and 190 million from 182 million during the decades 1960s, 1970s and 2005 respectively. The rate of migration of skilled and highly qualified labor o high economy and technological countries is five times greater than migration to other countries; the rate is approximately doubled than in 1970s. New emerging countries with technologies are China, Philippines, Ukraine, India and Latin America. The report of 2008 says that the benefit of US $305 had been done to developing countries by providing the faciliti es of immigration to their people. On the other hand the developed and rich countries that are providing facilities of international migration are very well known to the challenges dependency of external workers and increasing ratio of external workers over their natives. These countries are most often USA, UK, Japan, Canada and various European countries. According to a report in 2006 there had been 12% foreign-borne population of the total in such countries. In 2001 there were 1/3 of the whole migrants in Australia and USA was of graduate and post-graduate qualification level while 38% in Canada and 31% in New Zealand. The migrants face the trends in host countries to provide better incentives to the natives (local qualification and experience) over migrants except Australia. The difficulties to approach such equal incentives to immigrants themselves lead them to access self employment in these countries. In ‘Global workforce 2000’ there have made some relaxation for the immigrants for equal opportunities though the developing countries are also playing their role in providing high qualification to their people so that their citizens may contribute the growth in economy of the hosting countries. Majorly Mexicans, outside Europe and Asians are major labor providing countries to USA and European countries. International business vs. international migration The global economy has been affected positively by the migration of people of skilled qualified labor from developing countries to developed countries. It is also necessary to study the impacts of global migration on global business activity. It is worth noting that different markets have different impact of international integration. Rugman has studied widely that regional sales play vital role in most of the global businesses. Local labor markets have low level of global integration. Cultural, ideological, legal and institutional differences affect the flow of labor markets. Though labor flow is still slow mobile factor other than factors of production among international markets; introduction of IT has made it possible for the mmigrants and local economies to play in the international market by enjoying advantage of difference in cost, quality and skilled labor. The circulation of both workers and task has given way to local labor market. Knowledge Process Off shoring (KPO) can be a sort of intellectual and information arbitrage taking advantage of skilled and experienced labor at low cost in low or emerging economies. At the sam e time earnings and allowances given to migrants can be considered as arbitrage of employment opportunities in these countries. In these cases the migrants flow to the economies that provide better incentives. These conditions create imbalance in price consistency in the country. Focusing on global international arbitrage, we say that it is conceptually good for labor migration from low to high economy country because it contributes to elimination of market imperfections through valuable price information. All of this occurs due to limitations on labor movement at national and international levels. Trade vs. migrants The devastating discrepancies among the national economies play a vital role in providing valuable information. The network of migrants in different economies tend to avail better business opportunities. For instance most of Indian scientists and technologists have made their network of work in US and other large economies countries, example is Silicon Valley. Bilateral trade and immigration between low and high economies are practically significant in utilizing skilled labor and raising the low economy origin. Migrants and employment When the high economy countries provide employment to the immigrants from low economy countries, these migrants as employees play crucial role in helping their host country organization in such a way that they become the source of low cost valuable knowledge of markets. They provide them the ideas of removing obstacles and uncertainty in business. They better give the business strategies and decisions since they experience more than one exposure in practical exposures. They also help in reducing or breaking the barrier among countries. The immigrants have influenced the market entry mode in New Zealand firm that were running in Taiwan in 2001. Another study also shows that immigrant supported firm has got its position in market by the attempt of FDI as market entry mode. This was a challenging and successful role for the firm in 2009. Hence the role of immigrants and their knowledge of their homeland is demanded by the host organizations for right time right decision. Migrants vs. Diaspora The above discussed practices of the role of immigrants in raising the economy of host countries have compelled these countries to revise their policy of restrictions over immigrants. They have reduced the barriers towards immigration of skilled and qualified labors to their countries. These countries offer programs and job opportunities to low economy countries with heavy incentives. Arbitrage also plays vital function in reducing such barriers. The internetworking throughout the globe is the outcomes of immigrants’ positions in their host countries; this is a great achievement for them. Jews were the largest groups of people from different parts of the world to migrate high economy foreign lands. On the other hand for example China had social revolution and so its people were migrating to rest parts of the world approx 32 to 55 million. They had chosen Australia, Canada, US, New Zealand for their survival. They were employed at low wages because of their low aptitude and skills and difference in their language and culture. Conclusion The comparative study of migrants and their host countries with respect to international business activities gives various aspects of activities of migrants towards their host countries. These migrants were initially for several decades were not allowed approachable immigrations. There were a number of restrictions on them and they could not enjoy the incentives the local people were enjoying. But their activities and dedications towards their jobs and outcomes related to their decisions compelled the host countries to reduce the barriers toward immigrants. The arbitrage, inter- networking among developed, emerging and low economy countries bound them to give the chance to these immigrants. These immigrants had valuable ideas of market entry codes, decision making strategies and capabilities that made them to give employment to the executive places. Due to these achievements of such immigrant running firms have opened the way of diasporas among the countries.

American Well Case Study free essay sample

American Well Benefits of Online Care for patients, health providers, and health insurance companies a)Benefits for patients With Online Care wait times are drastically reduced from days to hours or minutes and patients do not need to travel to the clinic. This service can be accessed at home providing privacy as well as protection from infections that can be contracted from other patients in the waiting area. The service is much cheaper compared to clinic visits. Patients can also instantly seek second opinion. There are no time constraints and PCPs are available on-demand with greater choice. The patients can easily manage and access their medical records and information online. Online care will allow for immediate professional medical attention leading to better and earlier diagnosis of disease. It is mentioned in the case that 17% of people under age 65 paid out of pocket or avoided clinic visits due to high costs. These people can also benefit from using this service. Team Edition is designed to enhance and improve the patient experience by providing a direct and seamless connection to specialists while the patient is in the PCP office. The lower cost access to specialty care offered through Team Edition should ave growing appeal as consumers pay increasingly more out of their own pocket for healthcare (Ofek and Laufer, 201, p. 9). Ido and Roy Schoenberg consider their target market for this new product to be healthcare delivery systems, such as hospitals, clinic chains and other physician groups (Ofek and Laufer, 2011, p. 14). They should also include home health agencies, skilled nursing facilities and any other clinical services that would benefit from better connectivity with primary care. Both primary care and specialist physicians can use Team Edition to help improve efficiency. For specialists in particular, this product offers a lower cost solution for providing expertise to rural and outreach locations. A tool that connects primary care and specialists can also provide a more efficient way to deliver multi-disciplinary care and provide chronic disease care. This is important in the new landscape of accountable care organizations (ACOs) and healthcare exchanges, particularly since ACOs are required to create ways to promote evidence-based medicine and patient engagement, report on quality and cost measures, and coordinate care. The patient-centered medical neighborhood requires connected care delivery between PCP and specialist (Standards for Patient-Centered Medical Home, 2011). Furthermore, with the ever increasing shortage of primary care and specialty physicians and accelerating efforts to reduce healthcare costs, practices are being challenged to take on larger patient panels. This means practices are looking for ways to care for patients, manage populations and deliver quality care without bringing the patient into the office. Team Edition offers a new path to clinical collaboration and co-management. Some barriers to adoption of this technology include defining payment to specialists and PCPs. Reimbursement remains a problem. Medicare only reimburses for telemedicine if the originating site (where the patient is) is in a Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA) or in a county that is outside of any Metropolitan Statistical Area (Reimbursement issues for telehealth, 2013). Many other health insurers follow The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS). This barrier can be at least partially overcome if American Well leverages its existing relationships with health insurance networks. Otherwise, without a clear mechanism for reimbursement, it will be challenging to develop a robust specialist network. The carrot for insurance companies is that telemedicine is still less expensive than paying a PCP and a specialist for traditional visits. Another barrier is technology. According to an article in Executive Healthcare, rural and elderly populations have less access to broadband structures (Pryke, 2013). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) states that up to 70 percent of clinicians outside the metropolitan districts do not currently have access to broadband structures and have to pay three to four times more than their urban counterparts (Pryke, 2013). Promising new market opportunities American Well has also been considering the following new market opportunities: (1) developing online kiosks for Retail Clinics1; (2) Expanding American Well platform to pharmacy chains; (3) expanding internationally; or (4) explore the software’s applications beyond the healthcare industry – legal or accounting services as examples. Developing kiosks for Retail Clinics would require more development capital and represent a new business segment that would require new resources. Furthermore, I believe that international expansion and expansion into other business sectors such as legal consults and accounting are premature for American Well. The company’s products have not completely taken root in its home market – the U. S (Ofek and Laufer, 2011). Expanding internationally without having a sound base to work from represents a risk for the company. International expansion would require American Well to completely re-organize its company structure and would require significant financing. Without a sound base to work from and complete product adoption expansion into other markets seems to add unnecessary complexity to the business. Team Edition is a natural extension of the services already offered by American Well. Offering this service might actually foster adoption of the core American Well online system because it offers clinics a fuller menu of telemedicine services. The addition of Team Edition would not add significant development costs to American Well as the company intends to use its existing technology platform for this product. In addition, Team Edition could help differentiate American Well from its competition. This product helps American Well offer a complete range of services for insurance companies and physician offices and will support practices moving into new care delivery models such as medical homes. Finally, one of American Well’s customers is sure to develop a similar offering since this is such a natural extension of telemedicine and would fill a significant need in the marketplace – timely, convenient access to specialists. The company should not miss the opportunity to be first-to-market. 1 Retail clinics are health care clinics located in retail stores, supermarkets, and pharmacies that treat uncomplicated minor illnesses and provide preventative health care services. What is the potential of online care to revolutionize the healthcare industry? Better mobile technologies, more mature electronic health records and clinical decision support systems as well as shortages in medical experts are helping to fuel interest in telemedicine (McGee, 2012). Telemedicine is a  rapidly growing area of healthcare in the United States. There are currently about 200 telemedicine networks, with  3,500 service sites in the US (McGee, 2012). Over half of all U. S. hospitals now use some form of telemedicine (McGee, 2012). Around the world, millions of patients use telemedicine to monitor their vital signs, remain healthy and out of hospitals and emergency rooms (McGee, 2012) The implementation of the Obama administrations Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), has further intensified the focus on telemedicine as a way to treat an increasing number of people who will be seeking health insurance and medical services. Telemedicine technology enables healthcare personnel to meet this increasing demand without delays in treatment or rationing care (McGee, 2012). The FCC recently released data that confirmed that remote patient monitoring and e-care devices could save the healthcare industry upwards of $700 billion over the next 15 to 25 years (Lewis, 2012). Healthcare already accounts for 17 percent of Americas GDP and is predicted to climb to 20% by 2020 (Lewis, 2012). Strategies that help deliver quality care at a reduced cost are expected to gain ever increasing traction. Recommendation to American Well to pursue next-generation options My recommendation is for American Well to launch Team Edition and forgo the opportunities listed on page 3 with the following caveats: (1) American Well should consider health insurance companies as customers for this service in addition to its target audience healthcare delivery systems and clinics. Specialty care is higher cost than primary care and represents even more significant saving s for insurance companies. Furthermore, insurance companies can help address some of the reimbursement issues for specialists. 2) American Well should conduct some survey research to further gauge market readiness. Attracting specialists to participate will be the key to success. The drivers for specialist practices are different than those of primary care. For instances, their salaries, and therefore opportunity costs, tend to be higher, and they are often balancing their practice with hospital responsibilities. A robust program w ould require availability of a variety of specialists. Reaching critical mass and making it worthwhile for specialist participants could be complicated. Of 100 patients maybe only twenty need a referral to a specialist and of those twenty maybe only five need to consult with a cardiologist. I would recommend that Team Edition be launched as a pilot, perhaps with a particular health system in partnership with an aligned health plan first so the company can work through some of the complexities identified above before launching the product to a broader market. Finally, I believe it is possible for American Well to position Team Edition as an expansion and enhancement to its original Online Care System.